The Turkish Revolution, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk between 1919 and 1923, transitioned the remnants of the Ottoman Empire into the modern Republic of Turkey. Sparked by the defeat in World War I and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Sèvres, Mustafa Kemal rallied nationalist forces against occupying armies and the Sultan's government, leading to the Turkish War of Independence. Victories against Greek, Armenian, and French forces culminated in the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which recognized Turkey's sovereignty. Atatürk then embarked on a comprehensive modernization campaign, introducing secular laws, adopting the Latin alphabet, and promoting women's rights, among other reforms, to Westernize and democratize Turkish society. The establishment of the Republic on October 29, 1923, marked the end of the Ottoman Sultanate and the beginning of a secular state. Atatürk's reforms have deeply influenced Turkey's development, laying the foundation for its contemporary identity as a nation straddling East and West.